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23 and Free or How Virtue Challenges the Myth of Genetic Determinism

July 17, 2010

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Our society is awash in information. While technology, particularly computers and computer networks, has facilitated the exponential growth and availability of all this data, we also turn to technology to make the noise intelligible. For instance, we use sophisticated search algorithms created by Google, Microsoft, and others to find what we need among the billions of Web pages on the Internet. Not surprisingly, our culture generally considers the human genome as one more source of information to explain and categorize. Furthermore, we have grown accustomed to thinking of our genome as a computer algorithm, a “code” that determines our physical characteristics, mental capabilities, and even spiritual capacity. So if DNA represents the programming language that underlies human nature, should it not be possible to re-program our selves? The question of genetic programmability presupposes that most – if not all – of our appearance and behavior ultimately derives from our genes. Most proponents of human enhancement hold this view, arguing that we can and should control how our species evolves by manipulating the genetic code. Apart from the hubris, what is striking about their argument is that it incorporates myth, narratives that explain who we are and what we ought to become. The central place of myth in arguments favoring genetic enhancement is not coincidental; it is evident from the ubiquity of myths that humans are storytelling creatures. Virtue theory recognizes that such narratives are not only essential in shaping individual and social identity but also in guiding the values of the culture. This paper will explore how virtue theory can contribute to our bioethical discourse and directly challenge our society’s trend toward genetic determinism. Moreover, the virtues offer a potential common ground with those of differing religious and political viewpoints. For a period of human history marked by a proliferation of information, a plurality of belief systems, and a nearly incoherent moral direction, the need for a revival of the virtues cannot be overstated.

Keywords:
behavioral genetics, genetic determinism